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Disco is a genre of dance music and a subculture that emerged in the s from the United States' urban nightlife scene, bumblebee torrent download. Its sound is typified by four-on-the-floor beats, bumblebee torrent download basslines, string sectionshorns, electric pianosynthesizersand electric rhythm guitars. Well-known disco artists include Donna SummerGloria GaynorGiorgio MoroderBoney M. Films such as Saturday Night Fever and Thank God It's Friday contributed to disco's mainstream popularity.
Disco started as a mixture bumblebee torrent download music from venues popular with African AmericansHispanic and Latino AmericansItalian Americans[5] [6] and gay men [7] in Philadelphia and New York City during the late s and early s. Disco can be seen as a reaction by the s counterculture to both the dominance of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music at the time.
Several dance styles were developed during the period of disco's popularity in the United States, including "the Bump " and "the Hustle ", bumblebee torrent download. By the late s, most major U. cities had thriving disco club scenes, and DJs would mix dance records at clubs such as Studio 54 in Manhattana venue popular among celebrities. Nightclub-goers often wore expensive, extravagant, and sexy fashions. There was also a thriving drug subculture in the disco scene, particularly for drugs that would enhance the experience of dancing to the loud music and the flashing lights, such as cocaine and Quaaludesthe latter being so common in disco subculture that they were nicknamed "disco biscuits".
Disco clubs were also associated with promiscuity as a reflection of the sexual revolution of this era in popular history. Disco declined as a major trend in popular music in the United States following the infamous Disco Demolition Nightbumblebee torrent download, and it continued to decline in popularity in the U. during the early s ; bumblebee torrent download, it remained popular in Italy and certain European countries throughout the s, and it was a key influence in the development of electronic dance musichouse musichip-hopnew wavedance-punkand post-disco.
The style has had several newer scenes since the sand the influence of disco remains strong across American and European pop music. A current revival has been underway since the early scoming to great popularity in the early s during the COVID pandemicdue to disco's fun and escapist nature alleviating the mental toll the pandemic has taken on people.
Albums that have contributed to this revival include Confessions On A Dance FloorRandom Access MemoriesThe Slow RushCuz I Love YouFuture NostalgiaHey U XWhat's Your Pleasure? The term "disco" is shorthand for the word discothèquebumblebee torrent download French word for "library of phonograph records" derived from "bibliothèque".
The word "discothèque" had the same meaning in English in the s. Some clubs used it as their proper name. Init bumblebee torrent download also used to describe a Parisian nightclub in an English magazine.
In the summer ofa short sleeveless dress called "discotheque dress" was briefly very popular in the United States. The earliest known use for the abbreviated form "disco" described this dress and has been found in The Salt Lake Tribune on July 12,but Playboy magazine used it in September of the same year to describe Los Angeles nightclubs.
Vince Aletti was one of the first to describe disco as a sound or a music genre. He wrote the feature article "Discotheque Rock Paaaaarty" that appeared in Rolling Stone magazine in September The music typically layered soaring, often- reverberated vocals, often doubled by horns [ citation needed ]over a background "pad" of electric pianos and "chicken-scratch" rhythm guitars played on an electric guitar. Lead guitar features less frequently in disco than in rock. Synthesizers are also fairly common in disco, especially in the late s.
The sound was enriched with solo lines and harmony parts played by a variety of orchestral instruments, such as harpviolinviolabumblebee torrent download, cellotrumpetsaxophonebumblebee torrent download, tromboneclarinetflugelhornFrench horntubaEnglish hornbumblebee torrent download, oboeflute sometimes especially the alto flute and occasionally bass flutebumblebee torrent download, piccolotimpani and synth stringsstring section or a full string orchestra [ citation needed ].
Most disco songs have a steady four-on-the-floor beat, a quaver or semi-quaver hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat, and a heavy, bumblebee torrent download, syncopated bass line. Other Latin rhythms such as the rhumba, the samba, and the cha-cha-cha are also found in disco recordings, and Latin polyrhythmssuch as a rhumba beat layered over a merengue, bumblebee torrent download, are commonplace.
The quaver pattern is often supported by other instruments such as the rhythm guitar and may be implied rather bumblebee torrent download explicitly present. Songs often use syncopationwhich is the accenting of unexpected beats.
Disco is further characterized by a 16th note division of the quarter notes as shown in the second drum pattern below, after a typical rock drum pattern. The orchestral sound is usually known as "disco sound" relies heavily on string sections and horns playing linear phrases, in unison with the soaring, often reverberated vocals or playing instrumental fills, while electric pianos and chicken-scratch guitars create the background "pad" sound defining the harmony progression.
Typically, all of the doubling of parts and use of additional instruments creates a rich " wall of sound ". There are, however, more minimalist flavors of disco with reduced, transparent instrumentation, pioneered by Chic. Harmonically, disco music typically contains major and minor seven chords [ citation needed ]which are found more often in jazz than pop music. The "disco sound" was much more costly to produce than many of the other popular music genres from the s.
Unlike the simpler, four-piece-band sound of funksoul music of the late s, or the small jazz organ triosdisco music often included a large band, with several chordal instruments guitar, keyboards, bumblebee torrent download, synthesizerseveral drum or percussion instruments drumkit, Latin percussion, electronic drumsa horn sectiona string orchestraand a variety of " classical " solo instruments for example, flute, bumblebee torrent download, piccolo, and so on.
Disco songs were arranged bumblebee torrent download composed by experienced arrangers and orchestratorsand record producers added their creative touches to the overall sound using multitrack recording techniques and effects units. Recording complex arrangements with such a large number of instruments and sections required a team that included a conductorcopyistsrecord producers, and mixing engineers.
Mixing engineers had an important role in the disco production process, because disco songs used as many as 64 tracks of vocals and instruments. Mixing engineers and record producers, under the direction of arrangers, compiled these tracks into a fluid composition of verses, bridges, and refrains, complete with builds and breaks.
Mixing engineers and record producers helped to develop the "disco sound" by creating a distinctive-sounding, sophisticated disco mix. Early records were the "standard" three-minute version until Tom Moulton came up with a way to make songs longer so that he could take a crowd of dancers at a club to another level and keep them dancing longer.
He found that it was impossible to make the RPM vinyl singles of the time longer, as they could usually hold no more than five minutes of good-quality music, bumblebee torrent download. They cut the next single on a 12" disc, the same format as a standard album. Moulton and Rodriguez discovered that these larger records could have much longer songs and remixes. By the late s most major US cities had thriving disco club scenes, bumblebee torrent download.
The largest scenes were most notably in New York City but also in PhiladelphiaSan Franciscobumblebee torrent download, Miamiand Washington, D.
The scene was centered on discothequesnightclubsand private loft parties. In the s, notable discos included " Crisco Disco ", "The Sanctuary", bumblebee torrent download, "Leviticus", " Studio 54 " and " Paradise Garage " in New York, "Artemis" in Philadelphia, "Studio One" in Los Angeles, "Dugan's Bistro" in Chicago, and "The Library" in Atlanta.
In the late '70s, Studio 54 in Midtown Manhattan was arguably the bumblebee torrent download known nightclub in the world. This club played a major formative role in the growth of disco music and nightclub culture in general. It was operated by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager and was notorious for the hedonism that went on within; the balconies were known for sexual encountersand drug use was rampant.
Its dance floor was decorated with an image of the " Man in the Moon " that included an animated cocaine spoon. The " Copacabana ", another New York nightclub dating to the s, bumblebee torrent download, had a revival in the late s when it embraced bumblebee torrent download it would become bumblebee torrent download setting of a Barry Manilow song of the same name, bumblebee torrent download.
In Washington, bumblebee torrent download, D. Powerful, bass-heavy, hi-fi sound systems were viewed as a key part of the disco club experience. Typical lighting designs for disco dance floors could include multi-coloured lights that swirl around or flash to the beat, strobe lightan illuminated dance floor and a mirror ball.
Disco-era disc jockeys DJs would often remix existing songs using reel-to-reel tape machinesand add in percussion breaks, new sections, bumblebee torrent download, and new sounds. Bumblebee torrent download would select songs and grooves according to what the dancers wanted, transitioning from one song to another with a DJ mixer and using a microphone to introduce songs and speak to the audiences.
Other equipment was added to the basic DJ setup, providing unique sound manipulations, such as reverbequalization, and echo effects unit. Using this equipment, a DJ could do effects such as cutting out all but the bassline of a song and then slowly mixing in the beginning of another song using the DJ mixer's crossfader. Notable U. disco DJs include Francis Grasso of The Sanctuary, David Mancuso of The LoftFrankie Knuckles of the Chicago WarehouseLarry Levan of the Paradise GarageNicky SianoWalter GibbonsKaren Mixon CookJim BurgessJohn "Jellybean" BenitezRichie Kulala of Studio 54 and Rick Salsalini.
Some DJs were also record producers who created and produced disco songs in the recording studio. Larry Levan, for example, was a prolific record producer as well as a DJ. Because record sales were often dependent on dance floor play by DJs in leading nightclubs, DJs were also influential for the development and popularization of certain types of disco music being produced for record labels, bumblebee torrent download.
In the early years, bumblebee torrent download, dancers in discos danced in a "hang loose" or "freestyle" approach. At first, many dancers improvised their own dance styles and dance steps. Later in the disco era, popular dance styles were bumblebee torrent download, including the "Bump", "Penguin", "Boogaloo", "Watergate" and "Robot". By October the Hustle reigned.
It was highly stylized, sophisticated and overtly sexual. Variations included the Brooklyn Hustle, New York Hustle and Latin Hustle. During the disco era, many nightclubs would commonly host disco dance competitions or offer free dance lessons. Some cities had disco dance instructors or dance schools, which taught people how to do popular disco dances such as "touch dancing", "the hustle", and " the cha cha ".
The pioneer of disco dance instruction was Karen Lustgarten in San Francisco in Her book The Complete Guide to Disco Dancing Warner Books was the first to name, break down and codify popular disco dances as dance forms and distinguish between disco freestyle, partner and line dances.
The book topped the New York Times bestseller list for 13 weeks and was translated into Chinese, German and French. In Chicago, the Step By Step disco dance TV show was launched with the sponsorship support of the Coca-Cola company. The dynamic dance duo of Robin and Reggie led the show.
The bumblebee torrent download spent the week teaching disco dancing to dancers in the disco clubs. The instructional show aired on Saturday mornings and had a strong following. The viewers of this would stay up all night bumblebee torrent download Fridays so they could bumblebee torrent download on the set the next morning, ready to return to the disco on Saturday night knowing with the latest personalized dance steps.
Bumblebee torrent download producers of the show, John Reid and Greg Roselli, routinely made appearances at disco functions with Robin and Reggie to scout out new dancing talent and promote upcoming events such as "Disco Night at White Sox Park".
In Sacramento, California, Disco King Paul Dale Roberts danced for the Guinness Book of World Records. Roberts danced for hours which is the equivalent of 8 ½ days. Other dance marathons took place after Roberts held the world's record for disco dancing for a short period of time.
Some notable professional dance troupes of the s included Pan's People and Hot Gossip. For many dancers, a key source of inspiration for s disco dancing was the film Saturday Night Fever This developed into the music and dance style of such films as FameDisco DancerFlashdanceand The Last Days of Disco Interest in disco dancing also helped spawn dance competition TV shows such as Dance Fever Disco fashions were very trendy in the late s.
Discothèque-goers often wore glamorous, expensive, and extravagant fashions for nights out at their local disco club. Some women would wear sheer, flowing dresses, such as Halston dresses or loose, flared pants, bumblebee torrent download. Other women wore tight, revealing, sexy clothes, such as backless halter topsdisco pants"hot pants", or body-hugging spandex bodywear or "catsuits". Men often wore Pierre Cardin suits, three piece suits with a vest and double-knit polyester shirt jackets with matching trousers known as the leisure suit.
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